Plant erect. Pseudobulbs clustered, narrowly fusiform, leafy throughout. Leaves distichous; blade patent, slightly recurved, coriaceous, lanceolate, apex unequally bilobed, entire, dark green, sheaths brownish green, abaxial hairs blackish and rubbing off with age. Inflorescences abbreviated raceme, terminal or axillary on apical part of pseudobulbs, 1–5 flowered. Flowers glossy, sweetly scented; Sepals white, ovate-lanceolate, abruptly acute. Petals white, slightly twisted and recurved at apex, elliptical-rhombic, obtuse, undulate; lip golden yellow, apical part white, veins on side lobes and disc orange, 3-lobed. Column golden yellow to orange; pollinia 4, in 2 pairs, bright yellow. Pedicellate ovary white, clavate, curved, slightly sulcate, glabrous.

Plants terrestrial. Stem creeping, densely covered with scales; scales linear-lanceolate with long tail apex, concolorous, dark brown to nearly black, denticulate and thick at margin. Leaves monomorphic, imparipinnate. Laminae ovate to lanceolate-oblong in outline, papyraceous; pinnae 5–8 pairs, subopposite to alternate, terminal pinna distinct, different form lateral pinnae, narrowly ovate in outline with usually slightly pinnatisect at base, widest at base, apex long acuminate, base obtuse to subtruncate, margin subentire to slightly lobe; lateral pinnae oblong, apex long acuminate, base obtuse to subtruncate sometimes slightly oblique, margin subentire, serrate near apex, stalked; vein all free, veinlets 3-4 pairs, pinnate, reaching margin. Sori curved, elongate along veinlet, half way between midrib and margin, close to midrib; indusia linear, thin, persistent; spores monolete, bilateral symmetric, kidney-shaped, wing-like folds.

Epiphytic herb with white latex in all part. Stems and branches hanging or twining. Leaves opposite; blade fleshy coriaceous, rigid, ovate or elliptic to oblanceolate, margin entire, base cuneate to obtuse, bearing a small gland on the adaxial surface, apex acute to short acuminate, glabrous. Inflorescence sessile to subsessile, extra-axillary, 1–15-flowered, fragrant. Sepals ovate, pinkish white to reddish brown, acute to obtuse at apex, bearing a minute gland inside each lobe sinus. Corolla urceolate; corolla tube inflated at base, creamy or yellowish to pinkish white, the distal portion of tube with oval-shaped depressions between lobes, throat with a ring of white hairs; corolla lobes, ovate-triangular, glabrous, pinkish white to purple with hyaline margins. Gynostegium conical in outline, subsessile; Staminal corona lobes reduced to a minute, pimple-like projection with a truncate apex, yellowish white. Pollinaria 5, erect, ellipsoid, yellow. Follicle usually solitary by abortion, fusiform, green to greenish brown. Seed oblong; coma white.

Lithophytic herb with white latex in all vegetative parts. Stems and branches hanging or twining. Leaves opposite; blade succulent or fleshy coriaceous, rigid, narrowly oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 2.7–8.0 cm long, 0.8–1.5 cm wide, margins entire, cuneate to obtuse at base, bearing an ovate gland, apex acute to acuminate. Inflorescence extra-axillary, 1–10-flowered. Sepals quincuncial, ovate-triangular, greenish to pinkish brown, acute to obtuse at apex, bearing a ovate-oblong gland inside each lobe sinus. Corolla urceolate, 3.5–3.7 mm long; corolla tube inflated at base, yellow to yellowish brown, glabrous except at the throat where a ring of white hairs is present; corolline corona present, broadly ovate in shape, corolla lobes valvate in bud, thick, ovate-triangular, acute at apex, strongly recurved, glabrous, white and yellowish brown to pinkish brown. Pollinium ellipsoid, yellow. Follicle usually 1, linear-oblong in outline, flat, yellowishbrown to yellowish orange when mature. Seed brown, ovate; coma white.

Perennial grass, tufted, slender rhizomatous. Leaf-sheaths loose, glabrous to hirsute. Ligules ciliolate. Blades flat to slightly folded. Inflorescence racemes, solitary, straight, rhachis internodes clavate. Sessile spikelets: lower glume oblong, apex with large apical dark red wings; upper glume oblong, keeled in the middle in the lower half and along the margins, margins folded. Floret: lemma oblong, hyaline, margins folded; palea oblong, hyaline. Lodicules cuneate. Anthers brown. Ovary ovoid. Stigmas purplish. Pedicelled spikelet absent. Caryopsis ovoid.

Climber, 3 – 10 m long with white latex in all vegetative parts. Stems and branches twining and hanging, terete. Leaves opposite; petiole terete, slender, slightly canaliculate, 1.8 – 3 cm long, 2 – 2.5 mm in diam., glabrous to sparsely pubescent; blade coriaceous, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, 9 – 14.5 cm long, 4 – 6.6 cm wide, margins entire, slightly revolute, acute to rounded at base, bearing 3 – 5 ovateoblong glands on the adaxial surface; apex acute to short acuminate; upper surface dark green, puberulent, lower surface paler, glabrous or sparsely hairy on veins;midrib prominent on lower surface, lateral veins visible, 4 – 6 on each side. Inflorescence extra-axillary, 5–10-flowered cymes or umbelliform, peduncle terete, green, glabrous to sparsely pubescent, 1 – 3 cm long, 2 – 3 mm in diam. Pedicel green or greenish brown, 2.7 – 2.8 cm long, 2 – 2.5 mm in diam., pubescent; bracts minute, attached at the base of the pedicel, triangular, greenish brown, pubescent, acute at apex. Calyx lobes quincuncial, ovate-triangular, 2.5 – 3 mm long, 2.4 – 3 mm wide, greenish brown, pubescent, acute to obtuse at apex, bearing an ovate-oblong gland inside each lobe sinus, 0.10 – 0.13 mm long,